The Effect Of Ocean Acidification On The Rates Of Calcium...

INTRODUCTION/ABSTRACT For the past 200 years, the rapid increase in atmospheric CO2 continues to be produced by, the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, industrialization, cement production, and other land-use changes. The ocean absorbs much of this excess CO2 through air-sea gas exchange, resulting in changes in seawater chemistry. Due to human-made emissions, the CO2 content of the oceans has dramatically increased and is gradually acidifying the surface waters. As a result of human-made emissions, the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and oceans has increased dramatically during recent decades. In the ocean, the accumulating CO2 is gradually acidifying the surface waters, making it difficult for shelled organisms such as corals and certain open sea plankton to build their calcium carbonate skeletons. Since this process affects the functioning of several marine ecosystems, it has been massively studied in recent years. However, getting an accurate measure is complicated because the effect of ocean aci dification on the rates of calcium produced by marine organisms is extremely variable and its species specific. Since scientists incline to use local and site-specific field measurements, treating reef environments and open sea environments separately, their measurements reflect the local response of individual organisms to elevated CO2 levels, leaving out the overall picture. RESEARCH Increasing concentrations of CO2 in the world s oceans has resulted with seriousShow MoreRelatedClimate Change : Ocean Acidification Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pagesthere is one crucial problem that is often overlooked: Ocean acidification. As pH levels in the ocean fluctuate, there are devastating effects on sensitive marine ecosystems and individual species. Increased acidic conditions can pose threats to habitats, such as coral reefs and sea grasses (Guinotte and Fabry 320). 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The high levels of CO2 lead to a decline of ocean pH among other issues such as dramatic changes in oceanic make-up and chemistry. Statistics and data collected has shown that ocean acidification will not only increase but accelerate over the next century. The ocean takes in about 1/3 of anthropogenic carbon added to the atmosphere. Anthropogenic carbon refers to the excess CO2 added to the ocean and atmosphere from human fossil fuel combustionRead MoreThe Great est Significance Of The Great Barrier Reef1605 Words   |  7 Pagesin 1981 to help maintain it’s beauty allowing for tourists to keep wanting to visit, which greatly affects the economy in Australia and more specifically to keep the marine life alive. However, the reef is undergoing huge threats which are harming the environment in it. Australia s Great Barrier Reef is losing coral at an alarming rate and may soon lose its status as one of the world s great natural treasures. 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The Industrial Revolution1470 Words   |  6 Pagescoral growth rate of the Great Barrier Reef in 2008 and 2009 and compared it to the growth rates back in 1975 and 1976, before the big boom of fossil fuel emissions. The team discovered that the coral’s growth rates had decreased by 40% in that time and they predict that it will only decrease further until the Great Barrier Reef is eroded completely. The increase of carbon dioxide and decrease of aragonite isn’t just affecting coral. It’s harming living organisms as well. Organisms that form shellsRead MoreShellfish And Zooplankton Such As Foraminifera And Pteropods1692 Words   |  7 Pageszooplankton such as foraminifera and pteropods. These organisms, especially zooplankton, are the base of the marine food chain, as they provide energy in the form of food for animals higher up the food chain. 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Problem-Solving Criminal Justice Initiative - 724 Words

Problem-solving Criminal Justice Initiative We can all agree that an important goal of the American criminal justice system is rehabilitation. It expects that most, if not all, offenders to learn from his or her wrongdoing and become productive members of society (Ballenstedt, 2008). It is this thinking at the heart of a community-based initiative that is designed to bring law enforcement officials together to form a single concerted effort to identify and address patterns of crime, mitigate the underlying conditions that fuel crime, and engage the community as an active partner (Wolf, Prinicples of Problem-Solving Justice, 2007). It was this effort that identified the problem as failures of the judicial process. These failures†¦show more content†¦At the heart of this innovative movement was the idea that it was no longer sufficient to just arrest, process, and adjudicate an offender. Rather it was necessary for law enforcement, prosecutors, probation officers, and the judi ciary to attempt to reduce the rate of recidivism, improve public confidence in the system, and prevent crime down the road (Wolf, Prinicples of Problem-Solving Justice, 2007). The opening of the Miami-Dade County Drug Court in 1989 was the catalyst that inspired other jurisdictions around the country to create specialized courts that linked drug offenders to judicially monitored treatment (Wolf, A New Way of Doing Business, 2009). Similarly in New York City, the opening of the Midtown Court in 1993 set the example for stressed communities across the country by combining punishment and helps to steer low-level offenders in a law-abiding direction (Wolf, A New Way of Doing Business, 2009). Eventually other types of problem-solving courts emerged. These new courts specialized cases involving domestic violence, mental health, sex offenses, and driving under the influence. It was estimated that by 2008, the number of problem-solving courts swelled to more than 2,500 in the United States (Wolf, A New Way of Doing Business, 2009). The concept of problem-solving justice had sprouted from the notion that the judicial system in the United States had long taken the one-size-fits-all approach toShow MoreRelatedThe Old Indian Trail Cases869 Words   |  4 Pages When finding vigilante justice should we follow the law or our own personal vendetta? When I hear of someone trying to arrest a rapist, I automatically think of the TV show Law Order: SVU that deals with solving rape cases and a variety of sexual assault cases. When they’re solving rape cases, they look at the crime scene in order to get a motive, evidence, and witnesses that will help them find a cause to pinpoint them to the identity of the rapist where they will go to trial. 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Impairment of Assets Test Free Essays

IMPAIRMENT OF ASSETS The following information relates to Q1 Q2. Information about three assets are given below in the table: Aldo Balbo Casco Value in Use $150,000 $195,000 $105,000 Carrying Amount $90,000 $140,000 $112,000 Net Realizable Value $115,000 $136,000 $85,000 Q1. What are the recoverable amounts of each asset? (MCQ) Aldo ($115,000), Balbo ($136,000), Casco ($105,000) Aldo ($150,000), Balbo ($136,000), Casco ($105,000) Aldo ($150,000), Balbo ($195,000), Casco ($105,000) Aldo ($115,000), Balbo ($195,000), Casco ($85,000) (2 marks) Q2. We will write a custom essay sample on Impairment of Assets Test or any similar topic only for you Order Now What are the impairment losses on each asset? (MCQ) Aldo ($0), Balbo ($0), Casco ($0) Aldo ($0), Balbo ($55,000), Casco ($20,000) Aldo ($25,000), Balbo ($4,000), Casco ($7,000) Aldo ($0), Balbo ($0), Casco ($7,000) (2 marks) Q3. A cash-generating unit has the following assets: Building $600,000 Plant Machinery $100,000 Goodwill $80,000 Inventory $50,000 Total $830,000 One of the machines valued at $60,000 has been damaged will be scrapped. The total recoverable amount estimated from the cash-generating unit is $470,000. What is the recoverable amount of the current assets after the impairment loss? (MCQ) $21,800 $28,000 $33,500 $50,000 (2 marks) Q4. Which of the following correctly defines the recoverable amount of an asset? (MCQ) Current market value of the asset less cost of disposal Higher of fair value less cost of disposal value in use Higher of carrying amount fair value Lower of fair value less cost of disposal value in use (2 marks) Q5. An asset has a carrying amount of $55,000 at the year-end 31st March 2002. Its market value is $47,000 having a disposal cost of $3,500. A new asset will cost $85,000. The company expects that the asset will generate $19,000/per annum of cash flows for the next three years. The cost of capital is 8%. What is the impairment loss to be recognized for the year end 31st March 2002? (FIB) 3613151270000$ (2 marks) Q6. Which of the following are internal indications of impairment? (MRQ) A fall in the market value of a machine due to inflation The management realized that an asset is unable to produce up to its full capacity A report prepared by the warehouse manager than one of the lifter cars has crashed into a wall The development of intention of management to sell the asset during the next 3 months (2 marks) Q7. Moby had purchased an asset on 1st September 2009 at a cost of $500,000 with the useful life of ten years with no cash inflow at the time of disposal. The asset has been depreciated until 31st October 2014. At that date, an accident occurred which resulted in the damage of the asset an impairment test was taken by Moby. On 31st October 2014, the fair value of the asset was $160,000 with $10,000 cost of disposal. The expected future cash flows were $13,000/annum for the next five years. The cost of capital is at 10% with five-year annuity factor of 3.79. Calculate the impairment on 31st October 2014? (MCQ) $0 $100,000 $150,970 $200,730 (2 marks) Q8. A cash-generating unit has the following assets: Property Plant $400,000 Machinery $90,000 Goodwill $75,000 License $5,000 Net Assets (realizable value) $30,000 Total $600,000 The company had breached a government legislation which results in its cash-generating unit value to fall by $200,000. What will be the value of Property Plant after the impairment? (MCQ) $101,010 $126,316 $266,667 $298,990 (2 marks) Q9. Which of the following is not an indicator of impairment? (MCQ) The NRV of inventory has reduced due to damages but carrying amount is still lowered it’s than NRV Technological advancement has boomed in a country resulting old machinery becoming obsolete Cost of capital of a company has increased due to increase in market rates The carrying amount of an asset is higher of the recoverable amount of an asset (2 marks) Q10. A company purchased an asset on 1st January 2000 costing $2.1 million and its life was 10 years. On 31st December 2001, the fair value of the assets was $1.9 million. On 31st December 2002, the recoverable amount of the asset was $0.7 million. Calculate the impairment loss to be recorded in Profit ; Loss account on 31st December 2002? (FIB) 3613151270000$ (2 marks) Q11. A cash-generating unit has the following assets: Building $409,050 Plant ; Machinery $311,000 Goodwill $30,500 Inventory $156,000 Total $906,550 One of the plants valued at $91,000 was destroyed ; will be scrapped. The total recoverable amount estimated from the cash-generating unit is $760,050. What is the recoverable amount of the Plant ; Machinery after the impairment loss? (FIB) 3613151270000$ (2 marks) Q12. Meagan had purchased an asset on 1st September 2015 at a cost of $300,000 with the useful life of six years with no residual value. The asset has been depreciated until 31st October 2020. At that date, the asset was damaged ; an impairment test was taken by Moby. On 31st October 2020, the fair value of the asset was $60,000 with a $3,000 cost of disposal. The expected future cash flows were $16,000/annum for the next five years. The cost of capital is at 13% with five-year annuity factor of 3.52. Calculate the impairment on 31st October 2020? (MCQ) $0 $680 $6,320 $7,000 (2 marks) Q13. A delivery van has a carrying amount of $39,000 at the year-end 31st March 2016. Its market value is $33,800 having a disposal cost of $1,250. A new delivery van will cost $46,500. The company expects that the van can generate $9,300/per year of cash flows for the next four years. The cost of capital is 5%. What is the impairment loss to be recognized for the year end 31st March 2016? (MCQ) $1,250 $5,200 $6,022 $6,450 (2 marks) Q14. ZZZ Co purchased a non-current asset on 1st January 2012 costing $3.75 million and its life was eight years. On 31st December 2013, the fair value of the non-current asset was $2.95 million. On 31st December 2014, the recoverable amount of the asset was $1.25 million. Calculate the impairment loss to be recorded in Profit ; Loss account on 31st December 2014 nearest to $000? (FIB) 3613151270000$ 000 (2 marks) IMPAIRMENT OF ASSETS (ANSWERS) Q1. C Recoverable amount is the higher of the Value in Use or the Net Realizable Value. Q2. D Impairment loss = Carrying amount – Recoverable amount = Positive (+) Aldo = $90,000 – $150,000 = (-$60,000) No Impairment Balbo = $140,000 – $195,000 = (-$55,000) No Impairment Casco = $112,000 – $105,000 = $7,000 Impairment Q3. D Assets which have their own impairment criteria do not fall under the scope of IAS 32 -Impairment of asset. Inventory is impaired under IAS 2 – Inventory where it is calculated by choosing lower of Cost or Net Realizable Value. Q4. B Q5. $6,037 Value in Use Cash Flow Discount Factor 8% Present Value 19,000 0.926 $17,594 19,000 0.857 $16,283 19,000 0.794 $15,086 Total PV $48,963 Fair Value less Cost to sell = $47,000 – $3,500 = $43,500 Higher of = $48,963 Impairment Loss = $55,000 – $48,963 = $6,037 Q6. A fall in the market value of a machine due to inflation (External indication) The management realized that an asset is unable to produce up to its full capacity (Internal indication) A report prepared by the warehouse manager than one of the lifter cars has crashed into a wall (Internal indication) The development of intention of management to sell the asset during the next 3 months (Internal indication) Q7. B Carrying Amount = (500,000 Ãâ€" 5/10) = 250,000 Fair value less cost to sell = (160,000 – 10,000) = 150,000 Value in use = (13,000 Ãâ€" 3.79) = 49,270 Recoverable amount $150,000, Impairment = 250,000 – 150,000 = $100,000 Q8. D The total impairment of CGU is $200,000 The goodwill is impaired by $75,000 leaving $125,000 of impairment to be allocated to other assets. Total of assets to be impaired is $495,000 (400 + 90 +5) Impairment = (400,000 à · 495,000) Ãâ€" 125,000 = 101,010 Fair Value after impairment = 400,000 – 101,010 = $298,990 Q9. A The NRV of the inventory is still greater than its carrying amount so no impairment has arisen Q10. $742,500 Calculation done in $000 Cost = 2,100 Depreciation = (2,100 Ãâ€" 2/10) = 420 Carrying amount (After 2 years) = 2,100 – 420 = 1,680 Revaluation of asset = 1,680 1,900 = 220 in Revaluation Reserve New Cost = 1,900 Depreciation = (1,900 Ãâ€" 1/8) = 237.5 Carrying amount (After 1 year) = 1,900 – 237.5 = 1,662.5 Impairment loss = 1,662.5 – 700 = 962.5 Reversal of Revaluation Reserve = $220 Excess recorded in Profit ; Loss account = 962.5 – 220 = $742,500 Q11. $211,257 The total impairment of CGU is $146,500 The goodwill is impaired by $30,500 leaving $116,000 of impairment to be allocated to other assets. The plant is impaired by $91,000 leaving $25,000 of impairment Total of assets to be impaired is $629,050 (409,050 + 311,000 – 91,000) Impairment = (220,000 à · 629,050) Ãâ€" 25,000 = 8,743 Fair Value after impairment = 220,000 – 8,743 = $211,257 Q12. A Carrying Amount = (300,000 Ãâ€" 1/6) = 50,000 Fair value less cost to sell = (60,000 – 3,000) = 57,000 Value in use = (16,000 Ãâ€" 3.52) = 56,320 Recoverable amount $57,000, Impairment = 50,000 – 57,000 = $0 Q13. C Value in Use Cash Flow Annuity Factor 5% (1-4) Present Value 9,300 3.546 $32,978 Total PV $32,978 Fair Value less Cost to sell = $33,800 – $1,250 = $32,550 Higher of = $32,978 Impairment Loss = $39,000 – $32,978 = $6,022 Q14. $1,071,000 Calculation done in $000 Cost = 3,750 Depreciation = (3,750 Ãâ€" 2/8) = 937.5 Carrying amount (After 2 years) = 3,750 – 937.5 = 2,812.5 Revaluation of asset = 2,812.5 2,950 = 137.5 in Revaluation Reserve New Cost = 2,950 Depreciation = (2,950 Ãâ€" 1/6) = 491.67 Carrying amount (After 1 year) = 2,950 – 491.67 = 2,458.33 Impairment loss = 2,458.33 – 1,250 = 1,208.33 Reversal of Revaluation Reserve = $137.5 Excess recorded in Profit ; Loss account = 1,208.33 – 137.5 = $1,070,830 Nearest to $000 = $1,071,000 How to cite Impairment of Assets Test, Papers

Managing Product & Service Innovation-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Innovation is increasingly being considered as a core competency that organisations must develop. Companies that consistently innovate don't rely on chance; they address innovation in a systematic way. Answer: Introduction In the age of competitiveness, it is necessary that every organisation develop innovative techniques that can help it to satisfy customers and gain global recognition. Drucker (2014) stated that product and service innovation is important so that customers do not feel monotonous about buying the same product or using the same service. The assignment focuses on the development of an innovation framework necessary for gaining success in the business market. For the purpose of the assignment, Woolworths has been considered. Woolworths is an Australian retail store specialising in various types of products used for daily life (Woolworthsgroup.com.au, 2018). The assignment sheds light on the concept of innovation along with its types and provides an overview of the application of the innovative framework in Woolworths. The gaps in the application are identified and the area of weakness of Woolworths is discussed. Recommendations are provided to bridge the gap that exists and improve on th e weakness of the company. Background of the company Woolworths is a famous and major retail company situated in New South Wales, Australia. The greatness of the company is determined by the fact that it has over 995 stores all over the country. The number of employees in the company is about 202,000 with team members exceeding over 115,000 (Woolworthsgroup.com.au, 2018). The company looks after the welfare and health of the people in the country and because of this; it manufactures and produces fresh vegetables and fruits. The mission of the company is to produce and serve the best quality food to the customers so that they remain satisfied. This strategy allowed the company to set up Woolworths Australias Fresh Food People (Woolworthsgroup.com.au, 2018). It is considered as a type of social responsibility of the company wherein the company strives to maintain its mission. At the same time, Woolworths indulges in innovative factors to help in the satisfaction of the customers. In this regard, it can be seen that the vision of the comp any is to gain international recognition in the market and promote unity among the employees (Woolworthsgroup.com.au, 2018). Concept of innovation According to Johnston and Marshall (2016), innovation is a process to develop new ideas, devices and methods. At the same time, innovation is also considered as the application of solutions that are better than the existing solutions so that new requirements of an organisation can be met. The needs of the market, as well as the customers, are met with the advent of innovation in the market. Innovation can be achieved by using a more effective approach towards marinating the products, process, service and technologies. Innovation is mainly created in the models that are available in the market, Government policies and in the society in which an organisation functions. However, Christensen, Raynor and McDonald (2016) pointed out the fact that innovation is different from invention. This mainly because of the fact that invention deals with the discovery of a new thing or process that can help an organisation or individual get the desired recognition in the society. Innovation, on the other hand, makes changes to an invention once it is monotonous to the people. The originality of ideas of individuals that highlights the effectiveness of their skills is considered an innovation. Dutta, Lanvin and Wunsch-Vincent (2015) is of the opinion that in management science innovation is considered as a process that unites various ideas of individuals so that satisfaction of customers can be attained with an increase in profit for the organisations. Types of innovation According to Tukker et al. (2017), innovation can be of various types that can help organisations to pursue their objectives. To understand the types of innovation that exist in a market it is necessary to break down innovation into two dimensions. These include market and technology. The breakdown can provide four major types of innovation that organisations apply depending on the situation of the market. These include: Architectural innovation: Lusch and Nambisan (2015) observed that architectural innovation involves the application of lessons, skills as well technological advancement in a different market. The positive point of this particular innovation is that it helps in increasing the customers as long as the market in which it operates is responsive. The risk involved with the application of this type of innovation is low mainly because of this innovation relies on the use of technology that is already proved. The technologies that are required to be introduced in the market are reintroduced in the companies. However, on most occasions, it is necessary that the requirement of the new markets be met with the manipulation of certain activities (Gawer Cusumano, 2014). For example, the research centres of NASA attempted in improving the safety of the aircraft cushions. Radical innovation: This type of innovation is the most common thought that arises while considering innovation in organisations. This form of innovation gives rise to new industries and involves the creation of technologies that can revolutionise the technical aspects as well as the market. An example of this can be provided by tracing the origins of aeroplanes as it was not designed to provide transportation to the people. However, with the increase in population and the demand for people to continue to travel quickly, customer carrier planes were developed. Incremental innovation: According to Chesbrough, Vanhaverbeke and West (2014), incremental innovation is considered as the most popular form of innovation as organisations remain keen to apply this type for its success. The existing technologies are utilised and the value of the customers are increased. This type of innovation usually consists of the features of an organisation along with its design and changes it has made in the products and services. The existing markets are analysed so that the changes can be made and effectively utilised in the organisations. Bain and Kleinknecht (2016) stated that most organisations engage in incremental innovation at one point of its business tenure. An example of incremental innovation is the inclusion of new features in an already existing product or service. Disruptive innovation: Disruptive innovation is sometimes called stealth innovation as it involves the application of new technology and processes to a current market of a company. According to Christensen, Raynor and McDonald (2015), the reason for this type of innovation being referred to as stealthy is that new technologies that are developed can be superior and expensive for the existing markets to implement. Newer markets can implement disruptive innovation to pose threats to the already existing markets in a business. Some of the examples of companies that indulge in disruptive innovation include the distribution of the iPhones of Apple. This is because prior to the launch of iPhone most of the mobile phones relied on the use of buttons and backdated safety patterns for the phone. However, the latest technology applied by Apple has provided new ventures to the use of mobile phones in the modern generation. Figure 1: Types of innovation (Source: Drucker, 2014) In this regard, it can be said that the areas related to the capabilities of innovation can have strength and or weakness. The strength lies in the fact that innovation can help provide organisations with an ability to remain creative and access the areas of development. On the other hand, the weakness being that an organisation may have to spend a huge sum of money to recruit employees that have the capability of being innovative. Not only that, the technology required for being innovative also required huge investments. For example, in a company like Woolworths, innovation can help in ensuring that customers get to experience new form business from the company. This can be considered as strength for the company as innovation can bring about changes in the company and ensure that Woolworths achieve their number one rank in the Australian business. At the same time, the cost of purchasing the technologies required for innovation may be huge and Woolworths need to maintain its revenue . Developing an innovation framework Smith et al. (2017) stated that organisations innovate to create competitiveness and enhance the opportunities for maintaining effective production in the industry. The attitude of the organisations towards innovating products and the level of risks that are involved in the acceptance of products direct the innovative nature of managers and organisations. Thereby, a market for size and growth that is sufficient for innovation need to be analysed by the managers. Thereby it is necessary to implement certain frameworks that can help managers gain the maximum productivity from the market. One such framework that can be used is the Value-Added Corporate Innovation Management Framework. This framework makes a comprehensive analysis of the multi-dimensional reality involving various domains of innovation (Kleinknecht, 2016). This framework is basically composed of five layers that are required for the effective innovation of business. These domains include: Business base: As the name suggests, this particular domain covers the overall market activity of an organisation and analyses the business goals of an organisation. The business base is the foundation domain and based on this domain, organisations can cover the overall market of an organisation and analysis its strategic imperative and dynamics (Adams et al, 2016). Resources: The second domain is the people and machines that an organisation possesses. As stated by West and Bogers (2014) employees are the main resources of an organisation and it is necessary that managers maintain the interests of the employees by motivation. In the modern day, technology, business partnerships, collaboration with the external market and open innovation are considered for conducting innovation. Will and culture: This is used to address the leadership ability of an organisation and the employees. The governance of an organisation and the culture are analysed so that effective innovation can take place. This particular domain defines the innovation complex and the importance of leadership in creating innovation in the organisations. Solutions: This is one of the important domains as it helps in identifying the processes used to be imaginative and creative in the organisations. It analyses the process used by an organisation along with the tactics used for developing the products (Kogan et al., 2017). The management of innovation is considered as a critical process in organisations as it covers various aspects of an organisation. Value: This is considered as the topmost domains that analyse the portfolio of the innovations undertaken by a company. Matters such as financial stability, number of customers, brand and environment of an organisation are considered in the domain that helps in understanding the value of a company. Thus, having considered the framework, analysis can be made to understand the manner in which Woolworths applies this framework. Figure 2: Value-Added Corporate Innovation Management Framework (Source: Kleinknecht, 2016) Application of the innovation framework In reputed organisations, the application of the innovative framework can help organisations strengthen its resources. This is mainly because of the fact that the framework helps in analysing the capability of an organisation and consequently frames strategies for innovation. According to Shalley, Hitt and Zhou (2015), the Value-Added Corporate Innovation Management Framework can help an organisation like Woolworths to identify the potential gaps that exist in the company. The five domains act as a means of a supporting pillar of the organisation so that it can improve its capabilities and ensure that it achieves its mission and vision. As such, the application can be determined by identifying the areas in which innovation is required. The analysis of the company shows that Woolworths have issues in maintaining cybersecurity, preserving food and gaining feedback from the customers. These issues can create problems for an organisation, as these factors are essential to the success of an organisation. To spread the market with the application of online marketing, Woolworths need to strengthen the IT security of the company. Anderson, Poto?nik and Zhou (2014) stated that Woolworths does not have sufficient security protocols that can help the organisation maintain the security of the customers and the private information. Hence, it is necessary to strengthen the IT sector and ensure that the application of the framework can help in developing such security. Innovation framework that can be used in this case includes installing firewalls for the unauthorised access. The firewalls can come in the form of various animated shapes that track the IP address of the hackers before exposing them to the relevant authority. In the case of the dealing with the food preservation of the customers, it can be said that the vision of the company is to provide good and fresh quality food to the people in Australia (Woolworthsgroup.com.au, 2018). Hence, it is necessary that the company serve vegetables and fruits that are freshly grown in the market and in the backyard of the company. According to Vargo, Wieland and Akaka (2015), for maximising profit, it is necessary that Woolworths produce fresh food items so that the customers are not harmed. However, the challenge lies in the preservation of the food items and the manner in which the customers are protected from harm. Woolworths need to innovate in this area by implementing techniques that are useful for the conservation of food. Innovative can be made in the manner of producing the food by using ingredients that are new on the market. For example, if Woolworths is to use canning techniques for preserving the food, it can make the cans in a manner that it a llows free flow of air but at the same time keeps the harmful particles away. The filtration can be done in this format. Bernstein (2015) stated that the issue related to the customer feedback might cause serious problems for an organisation. This is mainly because the feedback of the customers is necessary for an organisation to improve. In this regard, it can be said that Woolworths need to maintain the customer feedback process by continuously interacting with the customers. This particular innovative tactic will remain in the value domain of the company, as the customers and brand are a part of the domain. The marketing territory and the social factors governing the organisation may help in creating areas of progress in the organisation. Hence, Woolworths can address innovation for this particular issue by ensuring that the customers are approached via social media in a playful manner. Woolworths can arrange gaming activities in the social media or create an application that allows customers to indulge themselves in the reality of shopping while enjoying browsing in the social media. Gaps in the application Thus, it can be said that after the analysis of the innovation framework and the application of it in Woolworths, certain gaps have been identified that needs to be addressed. These gaps are identified from the analysis of the situations and the current secondary resources that are available for understanding this gap. The focus is on the three critical factors that affect the organisation and the manner in which innovation can be used to address the satisfaction of the customers. One such gap that has been identified is the lack of resources that can be used for mitigating the threat caused in the cyber department of Woolworths. According to Barrett et al. (2015), in the modern day, cybercrime is the most threatening factor that poses risk to business organisations. Woolworths lack the technical expertise necessary to prevent the website of the company being attacked by hackers and thereby prevent professional information of the company. Other gaps include the lack of partners. Woolworths is a parent company and lacks the aid of any partners. Although the company have managed to achieve top rank among the retail organisations in Australia, sometimes partnership can help in providing necessary stability in terms of finance and managerial advice. Therefore, this can be considered as one area in which Woolworths lacks in the effective application of innovative factors (Etzkowitz Ranga, 2015). The third gap that has been seen is the fact the interaction with the customers is a big drawback for the company. In the modern day, this is also another huge factor that needs to be addressed by Woolworths so that feedback from the customers can be generated. Thus, these gaps can create serious problems for Woolworths as the factors that are involved in the innovation of the organisation need to be addressed in a proper manner. Therefore, these areas need to be improved so that Woolworths can maintain innovative tactics in the organisation. To ensure that these areas are addressed in a proper manner, the managers of Woolworths need to undertake certain methods that can help in addressing the gaps. For example, the managers of Woolworths can indulge in adopting the disruptive method of innovation (Woolworthsgroup.com.au, 2018). This is mainly because of the fact that with the indulgence of this method, Woolworths can make rapid changes by implementing new technologies in the market. The application of the new technologies can help Woolworths to improve and solve the matter related to the cybercrime of the company (Van Oort, 2017). Despite the fact that sometimes, the application of the new technologies can be expensive; the fact that Woolworths earn revenue of AUD$42 billion can enable the company to afford such purchase (Woolworthsgroup.com.au, 2018). This can also be useful to enhance the interactive sessi ons with the customers. Hence, a plan can be developed to address the weakness of the company. Addressing area of weakness in organisations West et al. (2014) stated that an effective plan needs to focus on the areas that require development along with identify new areas that can be improved to ensure that an organisation succeeds. Hence, in the case of Woolworths, the company need to ensure that suitable plans are developed that can help the company to address the issues in an innovative manner. Therefore, the plan that can be developed to address the issue includes effective addressing of the external environment. This can help Woolworths to continue with the activities that are required for maintaining stability in the organisation. This includes conducting a proper marketing analysis of the factors that are involved in conducting business in the external environment of the company. The managers of Woolworths can sanction the plan so that the company can identify the potential opportunities to expand its business in overseas markets (Woolworthsgroup.com.au, 2018). Thus, this can help Woolworths to address the mission of the company. Conclusion Hence, it can be concluded that innovation is required for maintaining a competitive advantage in the organisations. Every organisation need to innovate its product and services so that it can have an effective sale in the business market. The manner in which the innovation framework can be used highlights the different domain that exists in the innovation of the strategies. In the case of Woolworths, the three issues that have been identified may pose threat to the reputation of the company. Hence, the application of the innovation framework can be applied in a systematic manner to address the requirements of the organisations and develop new plans for mitigating the scenario. Thus, it can be said that without proper innovation, an organisation cannot hope to gain success in the business sector. References Adams, R., Jeanrenaud, S., Bessant, J., Denyer, D., Overy, P. (2016). Sustainability?oriented innovation: a systematic review.International Journal of Management Reviews,18(2), 180-205. Anderson, N., Poto?nik, K., Zhou, J. (2014). Innovation and creativity in organizations: A state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework.Journal of Management,40(5), 1297-1333. Bain, D., Kleinknecht, A. (Eds.). (2016).New concepts in innovation output measurement. Springer. Barrett, M., Davidson, E., Prabhu, J., Vargo, S. L. (2015). Service innovation in the digital age: key contributions and future directions.MIS quarterly,39(1), 135-154. Bernstein, S. (2015). Does going public affect innovation?.The Journal of Finance,70(4), 1365-1403. Chesbrough, H., Vanhaverbeke, W., West, J. (Eds.). (2014).New frontiers in open innovation. Oup Oxford. Christensen, C.M., Raynor, M.E. McDonald, R., (2015). What is disruptive innovation.Harvard Business Review,93(12), pp.44-53. Christensen, C.M., Raynor, M.E. McDonald, R., (2016). What is disruptive Innovation.The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction,2. Drucker, P. (2014).Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. Dutta, S., Lanvin, B. Wunsch-Vincent, S., (2015). The global innovation index 2015.Effective Innovation Policies for Development, Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization. Etzkowitz, H., Ranga, M. (2015). Triple Helix systems: an analytical framework for innovation policy and practice in the Knowledge Society. InEntrepreneurship and Knowledge Exchange(pp. 117-158). Routledge. Gawer, A., Cusumano, M. A. (2014). Industry platforms and ecosystem innovation.Journal of Product Innovation Management,31(3), 417-433. Johnston, M.W. Marshall, G.W., (2016).Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Smith, W., Erez, M., Jarvenpaa, S., Lewis, M. W., Tracey, P. (2017). Adding complexity to theories of paradox, tensions, and dualities of innovation and change: Introduction to organization studies special issue on paradox, tensions, and dualities of innovation and change. Kleinknecht, A. (2016).Innovation patterns in crisis and prosperity: Schumpeters long cycle reconsidered. Springer. Kogan, L., Papanikolaou, D., Seru, A., Stoffman, N. (2017). Technological innovation, resource allocation, and growth.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,132(2), 665-712. Lusch, R. F., Nambisan, S. (2015). Service innovation: A service-dominant logic perspective.MIS quarterly,39(1). Shalley, C. E., Hitt, M. A., Zhou, J. (2015). Introduction: Integrating creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship to enhance the organizations capability to navigate in the new competitive landscape.The Oxford handbook of creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship, 1-14. Tukker, A., Charter, M., Vezzoli, C., St, E. Andersen, M.M. eds., (2017).System innovation for sustainability 1: Perspectives on radical changes to sustainable consumption and production. Routledge. Van Oort, F. G. (2017).Urban growth and innovation: Spatially bounded externalities. Routledge. Vargo, S. L., Wieland, H., Akaka, M. A. (2015). Innovation through institutionalization: A service ecosystems perspective.Industrial Marketing Management,44, 63-72. West, J., Bogers, M. (2014). Leveraging external sources of innovation: a review of research on open innovation.Journal of Product Innovation Management,31(4), 814-831. West, J., Salter, A., Vanhaverbeke, W., Chesbrough, H. (2014). Open innovation: The next decade. Woolworthsgroup.com.au. (2018). Woolworths Supermarkets - Woolworths Group. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/our-brands/supermarkets/Woolworths [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018].

Am Waking From The Dreamerica In The 60S Essays -

Am Waking From The Dreamerica In The 60'S The presidential election 1960 was between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon. The race was close-so close that no one could give even an educated guess of who would win, that is until the televised debated came out. After the debated Kennedy took the lead. This may have been the 1st time America voted mostly on appearance. On January 20, 1961 John F. Kennedy gave his Inaugural address-which was dedicated to the teens of the time. Kennedy believed in the teens and the rest of America started doing the same. Advertisers realized that teens were the ones they should be targeting. By making teens and children believe they needed a product was the way to bring in the big bucks. Game shows and many other TV programs (such as the Andy Griffith show) came out during this time. On November 22, 1963, the nation came together and was united in sorrow and grief. This was the day that president Kennedy was assassinated and the country started to fall apart. Vietnam was full of deception for the people of the United States. The people were led to believe by the government that we were winning the war when in reality things were falling apart. Kennedy believed that we should move slowly into Vietnam but after he was murdered Lyndon Johnson took the Presidential role and our forces went into combat. Vietnam split the country into two. There were those who supported the war and the ones who were against it. The Anti-war movement began as early as 1964 when several draft men refused to register with the draft and came up with the slogan hell no we wont go. October 15-16,1965, marked the 1st nationwide march in protest of the war. Meanwhile in Vietnam things were getting pretty ugly. At times certain areas were labeled as free fire zones-which meant that if you lived there no matter what your age, sex, of physical condition you were assumed to be an enemy. And most of the people who lived in these zones were willing to kill Americans to get f oreigners out. Johnson also started the Great Society program which only deepened out gap of credibility to the point of no return-and helped set the U.S. up for the budget crisis of the 80's. Life on the battle field was pretty much hell. Young men with little training and no concept of war didnt know how to respond. Most were model soldiers who knew somebody had to defend their country while others turned to drugs, alcohol, and sex. The worst documented atrocity took place on March 16, 1968, when a group of American soldiers rounded up the occupants of MyLai-infants to old-lined them up and shot them. In 1968 Richard Nixon became the next President of the U.S. He was elected by the silent majority-those who wanted the peace and quiet of the good ol days. In his first year of office Nixon initiated a draft. Once a month the unlucky members were picked. In June 1968 Vietnam was categorized as the longest war in American History. Richard Nixon claimed that he would bring the country together but at the end of the 60's our nation was still very far apart. The 60's was also a time when the Blacks fought for equality. At the end of civil war salves were told they were free-but after a hundred years of liberty they were still facing discrimination. Southern governors and mayors had only one opinion-Negroes know their place and they had better stay there. Blacks started protesting by staging sit-ins and marches. The case of James Meredith showed that Civil Rights might be possible-but only Federal intervention. One of the biggest acts included a sit-in that was to last until the bill was passed by Congress. Martin Luther King delivered his famous I have a dream speech here and dreamt for the day when his children wouldnt be judged by the color of their skins but by the content of their character. The Ghettos erupted in the 60's causing millions and millions of dollars in damage across the U.S. The causes of this were said to be White racism and more

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buy custom Violence at School essay Violence at school has become the daily happening in the 21st century. It has become very easy for students to assess weapons like knives and guns which are being used to harm their fellow students and the people around them. This thesis seeks to find the effects of the environment on school violence. When we talk about school violence what we simply mean is the act of violence amongst the student as well as attack of staff by the students. Many states agree that school violence are illegal though they have done very little to end this ill. There is no single country that has been left out when it comes to student violence. For example Australia has reported about one hundred and seventy five violent attacks in 2008. The research paper will basically rely on literature review as the main source of data collection (Burstyn 2001). The school has the capacity to influence its surroundings and on the other hand the surroundings can also impart its influence on the school. This influence can either be positive or negative though this thesis is out to seek the negative effects of the environment on school. In the olden days there were very few cases of violence at school because there was so much discipline in the students of the time. Teachers were allowed to punish their students accordingly depending on the offense that one had done. Things are not the same today because corporal punishment is no longer allowed at school therefore the fear that students had of being punished in case there broke the school laws is no longer there. That is the reason there is so much unsettlement among students (Burstyn, 2001). On the other hand the violence which is being experienced in our societies has extended to our schools. For these reason we need to improve discipline in schools in order for this uncouth character to be eliminated because we might end up producing criminals from school instead of upright men and women who will help in the building of the nation. Since teachers are the close associates of students they need to employ favorable systems which will yield the required fruits as opposed to what is being currently witnessed. There are different forms of school violence therefore there is need for employing different productive measures. Buy custom Violence at School essay

Communities of practice and their contribution to organisational Essay

Communities of practice and their contribution to organisational learning - Essay Example According to Jeanand Etienne (1991, p21), learning is not dependent on whether the learner and the teacher has a common code and in most cases only requires a congruent participation of both the one seeking knowledge and the source in the same activities. Once different professionals within an organization come together, whether in a formal alliance (team) or informally, they are able to collaborate on projects and this increases productivity. For instance, if one professional has something they want to do, like if instance a project, they can bring together their resources, that is, knowledge and skills, to work on that project. Most of the collaborations within an organization are actually informal and the members are usually in the group because they enjoy working together and sharing ideas. In fact, according to Hasanali et al (2002, p.59), most organizations don not assess the usefulness of communities of practice until after the communities have set themselves and manifested th emselves in a good way. When employees within an organization come together to collaborate on projects, they are better able to share knowledge, skills and ideas. Apart from being able to deliver better work efficiently, collaboration in a firm is one of the most effective methods to manage an organization’s knowledge base. As the employees within the same domain of practice share information and pass on skills, they are more able to guarantee that the knowledge of the organization will remain in the organization. This can happen across all the departments of an organization as long as the collaboration is within one domain of profession. As Etienne (1998, p.4), says, such participation in collaborative teams defines what people do as well who we become and how we interact with what we do.? this is why communities of practice are so crucial within the organization as a tool to manage the organizational knowledge. At the same time, as Etienne et al, (2002, p.17), argued, commu nities of sharing are remarkably efficient implementing corporate strategy in the organization by bringing their ideas together. Experience sharing Within an organization, sharing experience is one of the ways in which communities of practice pass on their benefits to each other. This is probably one of the best forms of informal apprenticeship within an organization. One employee who is carrying out a project will be able to seek experience from others who have in the past achieved it. Again, this can also happen in any of the organization’s department and employees will benefit from the experience of others. For instance, if an employee is supposed to carry out some tasks such as advising a client on the best product to meet his needs, the employee can seek, among his or her community of practice in the organization, an individual who has done this in the past and then enlist their help. As the employee gets help from the other individual they will also be able to learn a l ot about the project they are carrying out. Reusing assets This refers to the fact that the individuals within a community of practice can and do use intellectual and knowledge assets that have already been made by members of the community of practice within the organization. For instance, if one accountant within an organiz

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Strategic change programmes - Essay Example This shows the failure of the ministry’s procurement department and the unprofessionalism being displayed by the institution which trickles down to the services being offered to Namibian citizens and the rise in maternal-mortality rate. To curb this embarrassing problem, the tender board has allowed the ministry to buy fabric in bulk and train people to manufacture the required uniforms and patient attires. This measure would ensure the ministry has the capability and capacity of providing the necessary uniforms and attire to its staff and patients respectively. By so doing, patients and in particular expecting mothers, would have proper attire and bedding as well as maintain high standards of hygiene in the process thus reducing the risk of maternal-mortality. The uniforms of the staff will also be clearly branded with ministry and government labels so as to make them easily recognizable. This will ensure that the manufacture of these uniforms is not prone to any abuse by ill-minded persons. Therefore, this brings about the element of readiness, in that the programme pre-empts a problem and puts safeguards to solve the problem. The new procurement measures by the ministry will also cater for curtains and linens in addition to staff uniforms and patient attires. This shows the diversity of the programme since it addresses multiple issues all at once. In conclusion, the efforts by the Namibian Ministry of Health and Social Services to stem the country’s rising maternal-mortality rate can be seen in the implementation of the new procurement

Hrd 276 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hrd 276 - Essay Example This review has chosen JetBlue Airways for purposes of organizational culture model simply because the company practices the Denison Organizational Culture Survey (DOCS), a tool of choice that has become effective in assessing the cultural and organizational performance. Using this tool, organizations can now benchmark their cultural scores against the global database. As a result, they can now develop action plans that are geared towards improving their current practices. In an analysis of JetBlue Airways using DOCS tool, both strengths and weaknesses of the organization as they apply in the company performance will be undertaken with respect to adaptability, mission, involvement and consistency (Denison Consulting, 2013). In doing so, specific aspects of an organizations culture in each of the fore mentioned traits and management practices are normally carried out. Adaptability is characterized by a number of traits such as customer focus, creating change and organizational learning. While creating change, JetBlue Airways has been characterized by the ability of the company to being responsive to change. The company responds well with its competitors and with respect to changes in the external environment. However, there is a need for different organizational unit to cooperate in order for Jet Blue to realize more change (Denison Consulting, 2013). Customers focus; on the other hand, requires that all members of the organization understands customer’s wants and needs particularly being an airline company. The last aspect of adaptability is organizational learning whereby failure should be viewed as an opportunity for future improvements. Therefore, this should encourage innovations in the company as the risk takers get re warded. The next factor of explanation of culture is the mission that involves strategic directions and intent; setting

Reflective observation report

Reflective observation report Reflective Observation Report My observation was of a level two football coach. I attended a session once a week for three weeks with the same group. Staying with the same group was beneficial as I was able to see the development of the athletes and see the full variety of coaching techniques and styles of learning that was applied by the coach. The age group was fifteen to eighteen year olds and the sessions lasted 3 hours. The coach would generally use a variety of teaching styles throughout their sessions. One style used was the cognitive learning style. On a basic drill of finding movement in a limited space some players found it hard to identify where space is often found and how to exploit it. The coach took these players aside and made them view the game from an outside perspective. By making the players view the game and try to solve the problem of limited space, cognitive learning took place. After viewing the drill once over the coach sent the players back in and they showed a visible change of tactics and in the specific game a definite improved level of ability. The coach used a similar technique in a different session. The holding playmaker of the team was struggling with their passing vision. The player couldnt identify when and where to pass to keep possession. The coach realising this set the player homework. The coach gave the player a dvd, which included the basic five areas of a playmakers passing range and had examples of elite footballers performing the set passes. In the next session the player was showed improvement and displayed a calmer performance in the sessions end game. This involved participation, thinking and memory some key traits of the cognitive learning style. When certain players were disobedient the coach was quick to act and make example of the players. Punishments such as press-ups, sit-ups and sprints were all included. These punishments set the tone of the football field. Be disobedient to the coach or other teammates and receive punishment. When doi ng the punishments the other players watched and passively acknowledged how to act on a football field. With this a regular occurrence the players were subject to the behavioural learning style. Learning information based on the environment that an individual is placed in. The environment that the footballers were placed in sets a positive tone of not to be disobedient with the coach or teammates. The sessions I attended were at the early part of the football season. Gaining match fitness was vitally important. The way that this was achieved was done so in a very democratic way. The coach hadnt previously worked with this particular group and was unsure of fitness levels. The coach therefore negotiated the set targets with the players. The captain of the team was at the front of the negotiations. The coach used this as a bonding activity and gained social connection with the players. This inactive passive approach showed the players the level of respect that the coach had for them. This increased the players motivation and the coach had players achieving fitness goals which were set by the players thus easing the pressure off them. One of the more technically difficult drills the coach set up was set piece training. The coach set two teams of defenders and attackers. They were also told to act if in a game situation. This clear use of team based competition was a sign of team based learning. The defenders were left to figure out how best to set up their defensive unit. The attackers would have to make decisions on how best to attack the goal. The ball could either be crossed or shot at from one of the more technically better players in the team. This kind of match environment is a sign of further behavioral learning. The coach let the drill go on and took a passive approach but when the attackers failed to score after a maintained period of time the coach felt it was time to intervene. The coach displayed a simpler option which created more goal scoring chance s. The simple change of tactics developed more chances on goal than before. This is a sign of constructive learning. The coach let them develop a basic structure of attacking the goal but when they reached their limit the coach just gave a few bits of information to help them go slightly more advanced. The attackers learnt a basic understanding themselves and were only developed on when necessary by the coach. Shortly after doing this the coach did the same with the defending team. A simple suggestion of putting two players on the post denied many accurate shots by the attacking team. By allowing the players to steadily improve themselves and only having coach interference when absolutely necessary the coach became a facilitator not a lecturer which is a key trait of constructive learning. By determining the state and needs of the players by intervening to assist in improvement, the coach showed signs of instructional design learning. During the end of the third session the coach ag ain took a passive approach. A drill was set up to inspire freedom and creativity. Samba music was played and the drill was to beat your opponent one on one. Skills and tricks were encouraged to develop the creativity and flair of the players. This allowance of free roaming and putting faith in the players that they would create and use complex skills was a sign of humanism. To summarize, I believe the coach was of a high level and was able to teach complex drills with ease. I saw a variety of drills taught and a wide range of learning styles incorporated. There werent many set goals in the sessions. Instead there was a more general development of a wide range of skills. Maybe this was due to the coach unsure of how long his placement was with this particular group of players. The key focus of all the sessions was largely dominated by fitness. In doing this the coach showed his primary from of teaching was done in a democratic way. The players were of a sufficient ability to improve on their own fitness and the coach was merely enforcing the idea not the actual practice itself.

China :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  China, (People's Republic of China), is situated in eastern Asia, bounded by the Pacific in the east. The third largest country in the world, next to Canada and Russia, it has an area of 9.6 million square kilometers, or one-fifteenth of the world's land mass. It begins from the confluence of the Heilong and Wusuli rivers in the east to the Pamirs west of Wuqia County in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the west, about 5,200 kilometers apart; and from the midstream of the Heilong River north of Mohe in the north to the southernmost island Zengmu'ansha in the South China Sea about 5,500 kilometers apart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CLIMATE: China lies mainly in the northern temperate zone under the influence of monsoon. From September and October to March and April next year monsoon blow from Siberia and the Mongolia Plateau into China and decrease in force as it goes southward, causing dry and cold winter in the country and a temperature difference of 40 degree between the north and south. POPULATION: Total Population 1.2591 billion (1999) about 22% of total population in the world. Year  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Total Population  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Urban Population  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rural Population 1995  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.2112 billion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1996  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.2239 billion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  359.5 million (29.4%)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  864.39 million (70.6%) 1997  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.2363 billion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  369.89 million (29.9%)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  866.37 million (70.1%) 1998  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.2481 billion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1999  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.2591 billion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  388.92 million (30.9%)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  870.17 million (69.1%) 2000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.29533 billion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  36%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  64%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Country name:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  conventional long form: People's Republic of China conventional short form: China local long form: Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo local short form: Zhong Guo abbreviation: PRC Government type:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Communist state Capital:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beijing Administrative divisions:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 4 municipalities** (shi, singular and plural); Anhui, Beijing**, Chongqing**, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai**, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin**, Xinjiang*, Xizang* (Tibet), Yunnan, Zhejiang; note - China considers Taiwan its 23rd province; see separate entries for the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau Independence:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  221 BC (unification under the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty 221 BC; Qing or Ch'ing Dynasty replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912; People's Republic established 1 October 1949)